马来西亚爆发COVID-19
摘要
疫情于 2019年 12月从中国湖北省武汉市爆发并蔓延至世界其他地区。这种疾病被世界卫生组织命名为 COVID-19。
迄今为止（2020年 4月 17日）共有 2，230，439例 COVID-19病例；全球报告了 150，810例死亡病例和 564，210例
康复病例。本综述就 SARS-CoV-2的形态、致病机制、SARS-CoV与中东呼吸综合征和严重急性呼吸综合征的异同、
传播方式、诊断、治疗和预防措施进行了研究。从马来西亚的角度探讨了 COVID-19的爆发，并探讨了 COVID-19
爆发期间的精神卫生保健。迄今为止，还没有针对 COVID-19的疫苗或特定治疗方法。因此，预防措施对于预防和
控制 SARS-CoV-2病毒的快速传播非常重要。防备应该是未来大流行爆发的优先事项。
关键词
全文:
PDF参考
[1]World Health Organization [Internet]. Coronavirus
disease (COVID-2019) situation reports. 2020. Available from:
https://www.who.int/ emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-
2019/situation-reports.
[2]Coronavirus Outbreak [Internet]. COVID-19
CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC. 2020. Available from: https://
www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/.
[3]Richman DD, Whitley RJ, Hayden FG. Clinical
Virology, 4th ed. Washington (WA): ASM Press; 2016.
[4]Fehr AR, Perlman S. Coronaviruses: An overview of
their replication and pathogenesis. In Coronaviruses. New York
(NY): Humana Press; 2015. p. 1-23.
[5]Zhou, P.; Yang, X.L.; Wang, X.G.; Hu, B.; Zhang,
L.; Zhang, W.; Si, H.R.; Zhu, Y.; Li, B.; Huang, C.L.; et al.
A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of
probable bat origin. Nature 2020, 579, 270–273.
[6]Li, Q.; Guan, X.;Wu, P.;Wang, X.; Zhou, L.; Tong, Y.;
Ren, R.; Leung, K.S.M.; Lau, E.H.Y.; Wong, J.Y.; et al. Early
transmission dynamics in wuhan, china, of novel coronavirusinfected pneumonia. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020, 382, 1199–1207.
[7]Yan, R.; Zhang, Y.; Li, Y.; Xia, L.; Guo, Y.; Zhou,
Q. Structural basis for the recognition of sars-cov-2 by fulllength human ace2. Science 2020, 367, 1444–1448.
[8]Grifoni, A.; Weiskopf, D.; Ramirez, S.I.; Mateus, J.;
Dan, J.M.; Moderbacher, C.R.; Rawlings, S.A.; Sutherland, A.;
Premkumar, L.; Jadi, R.S.; et al. Targets of t cell responses to
sars-cov-2 coronavirus in humans with covid-19 disease and
unexposed individuals. Cell 2020, 181, 1489–1501.
[9]Bisht, H.; Roberts, A.; Vogel, L.; Bukreyev, A.; Collins,
P.L.; Murphy, B.R.; Subbarao, K.; Moss, B. Severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein expressed by
attenuated vaccinia virus protectively immunizes mice. Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101, 6641–6646.
[10]Amanat, F.; Krammer, F. Sars-cov-2 vaccines: Status
report. Immunity 2020, 52, 583–589.
[11]Dolgin, E. Curevac covid vaccine let-down spotlights
mrna design challenges. Nature 2021, 594, 483.
[12]Silveira, M.M.; Oliveira, T.L.; Schuch, R.A.; McBride,
A.J.A.; Dellagostin, O.A.; Hartwig, D.D. DNA vaccines against
leptospirosis: A literature review. Vaccine 2017, 35, 5559–
5567.
[13]Smith, T.R.F.; Patel, A.; Ramos, S.; Elwood, D.; Zhu,
X.; Yan, J.; Gary, E.N.; Walker, S.N.; Schultheis, K.; Purwar,
M.; et al.Immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine candidate for
covid-19. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 2601.
[14]Izda, V.; Jeffries, M.A.; Sawalha, A.H. Covid-19: A
review of therapeutic strategies and vaccine candidates. Clin.
Immunol. 2021, 222, 108634.
[15]WHO. Draft Landscape and Tracker of Covid-19
Candidate Vaccines. 2021. Available online: https://www.
who.int/publications/m/item/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-
candidate-vaccines (accessed on 26 May 2021).
[16]Merlin, M.; Gecchele, E.; Capaldi, S.; Pezzotti, M.;
Avesani, L. Comparative evaluation of recombinant protein
production in different biofactories: The green perspective.
BioMed Res. Int. 2014, 2014, 136419.
[17]Keech, C.; Albert, G.; Cho, I.; Robertson, A.; Reed, P.;
Neal, S.; Plested, J.S.; Zhu, M.; Cloney-Clark, S.; Zhou, H.; et
al. Phase 1-2 trial of a sars-cov-2 recombinant spike protein
nanoparticle vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020, 383, 2320–
2332.
[18]Novavax. Novavax Confirms High Levels of Efficacy
against Original and Variant Covid-19 Strains in United
Kingdom and South Africa Trials. CISION 2021. Available
online: https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/novavaxconfirms-high-levels-ofefficacy-against-original-andvariant-covid-19-strains-in-united-kingdom-and-southafrica-trials-301246019.html (accessed on 20 May 2021).
[19]Folegatti, P.M.; Ewer, K.J.; Aley, P.K.; Angus, B.;
Becker, S.; Belij-Rammerstorfer, S.; Bellamy, D.; Bibi, S.;
Bittaye, M.; Clutterbuck, E.A.; et al. Safety and immunogenicity
of the chadox1 ncov-19 vaccine against sars-cov-2: A
preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomised
controlled trial. Lancet 2020, 396, 467–478.
[20]Jackson, L.A.; Anderson, E.J.; Rouphael, N.G.;
Roberts, P.C.; Makhene, M.; Coler, R.N.; McCullough, M.P.;
Chappell, J.D.; Denison, M.R.; Stevens, L.J.; et al. An mrna
vaccine against sars-cov-2— Preliminary report. N. Engl. J.
Med. 2020, 383, 1920–1931.
[21]Walsh, E.E.; Frenck, R.; Falsey, A.R.; Kitchin, N.;
Absalon, J.; Gurtman, A.; Lockhart, S.; Neuzil, K.; Mulligan,
M.J.; Bailey, R.; et al. Rna-based covid-19 vaccine bnt162b2
selected for a pivotal efficacy study. medRxiv 2020.
[22]Yan, Z.P.; Yang, M.; Lai, C.L. Covid-19 vaccines:
A review of the safety and efficacy of current clinical trials.
Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14, 406.
[23]Machhi, J.; Shahjin, F.; Das, S.; Patel, M.; Abdelmoaty,
M.M.; Cohen, J.D.; Singh, P.A.; Baldi, A.; Bajwa, N.; Kumar, R.;
et al. Nanocarrier vaccines for sars-cov-2. Adv. Drug Deliv.
Rev. 2021, 171, 215–239.
[24]Biospace. Covaxx’s Covid-19 Vaccine, Ub-612,
Induced Neutralizing Antibodies in 100% of Participants
during Phase 1 Clinical Trial. 2021. Available online: https://
www.biospace.com/article/releases/covaxx-s-covid-19-
vaccine-ub-612 inducedneutralizing-antibodies-in-100-
percent-of-participants-during-phase-1-clinical-trial/
(accessed on 20 May 2021).
[25]King, A. Protein-Based Covid-19 Vaccines Could
Overshadow Rivals. 2020. Available online: https://www.
chemistryworld.com/news/protein-based-covid-19-vaccinescould-overshadow-rivals/4012450.article (accessed on 20
May 2021).
[26]Li, Y.R.T.; Smoot, J.; Liu, C.; Watkins, S.; Zhou, O. A
comprehensive review of the global efforts on covid-19 vaccine
development. ACS Cent. Sci. 2021, 7, 512–533.
[27]Bonam, S.R.; Partidos, C.D.; Halmuthur, S.K.M.;
Muller, S. An overview of novel adjuvants designed for
improving vaccine efficacy. Trends Pharm. Sci. 2017, 38,
771–793.
[28]Amanat, F.; Stadlbauer, D.; Strohmeier, S.; Nguyen,
T.H.O.; Chromikova, V.; McMahon, M.; Jiang, K.; Arunkumar,
G.A.; Jurczyszak, D.; Polanco, J.; et al. A serological assay to
detect sars-cov-2 seroconversion in humans. Nat. Med. 2020,
26, 1033–1036.
[29]Hotez, P.J.; Corry, D.B.; Bottazzi, M.E. Covid-19
vaccine design: The janus face of immune enhancement. Nat.
Rev. Immunol. 2020, 20, 347–348.
[30]Krammer, F. Sars-cov-2 vaccines in development.
Nature 2020, 586, 516–527.
[31]Syomin, B.V.; Ilyin, Y.V. Virus-like particles as an
instrument of vaccine production. Mol. Biol. 2019, 53, 367–
379.90.
[32]Kushnir, N.; Streatfield, S.J.; Yusibov, V. Viruslike particles as a highly efficient vaccine platform: Diversity
of targets and production systems and advances in clinical
development. Vaccine 2012, 31, 58–83.
[33]Covid-19 (Maklumat Terkini). Ministry of Health
(Malaysia). 2020. Available from: http://www.moh.gov.my/
index.php/pages/ view/2019-ncov-wuhan.
[34]New Straits Times. [Breaking] 3 coronavirus
cases confirmed in Johor Baru”. New Straits Times. 2020
Jan 25. Available from: https://www. nst.com.my/news/
nation/2020/01/559563/breaking-3-coronavirus-casesconfirmed-johor-baru.
[35]First coronavirus cases in Malaysia: 3 Chinese
nationals confirmed infected, quarantined in Sungai Buloh
Hospital. Borneopost; 2020 Jan 25. Available f rom: https://
www.theborneopost . com/2020/01/25/first-coronaviruscases-in-malaysia-3-chinese-nationals-confirmedinfected-quarantined-in-sungai-buloh hospital/.
[36]First case of Malaysian positive for coronavirus.
Benama;2020 Feb 4. Available from: https://www.bernama.
com/en/general/news_ covid-19.php?id=1811373.
[37]Chinese girl recovers from coronavirus, discharged
from hospital. Benama;2020 Feb 5. Available from: https://
www.bernama. com/en/general/news.php?id=1811559.
[38]Barker A. Coronavirus COVID-19 cases spiked
across Asia after a mass gathering in Malaysia. This is how it
caught the countries by surprise. ABC News; 2020 Mar 19.
Available from: https://www.abc. net.au/news/2020-03-19/
coronavirus-spread-from-malaysian-event-to-multiplecountries/12066092.
[39]Yasmin N. Thirteen Indonesians Contract Covid-19
at Malaysia’s Tabligh Islamic Gathering. Jakarta Globe; 2020
Mar 20. Available from: https://jakartaglobe.id/news/thirteenindonesians-contract-covid19-at-malaysias tabligh islamicgathering.
[40]Ferdinandh BC. 19 Filipino tablighs positive for
COVID-19 quarantined in Malaysia. Minda News . 2020
Mar 23. Available from: https://www.mindanews.com/topstories/2020/03/19-filipino-tablighs-positive-for-covid-19-
quarantined-in-malaysia/.
[41]Le C. Another Malaysia returnee tests Covid-19
positive. VnExpress; 2020 Mar 18. Available from: https://
e.vnexpress.net/news/ news/another-malaysia-returnee-testscovid-19-positive-4070591.html.
[42]Sukumaran T. How the coronavirus spread at
Malaysia’s Tablighi Islamic gathering. South China Morning
Post; 2020 Mar 19. Available from: https://www.scmp.com/
week-asia/health-environment/ article/3076219/coronavirusi-attended-tabligh-mass-islamic-prayer.
[43]Latest news - Detection of the First Case of COVID-
19 Infection. Brunei Ministry of Health; 2020. Available from:
http://www.moh.gov.bn/ SitePages/COVID-19.aspx.
[44]Sukumaran T. Coronavirus: Malaysia in partial
lockdown from March 18 to limit outbreak”. South China
Morning Post; 2020 Mar 16. Available from: https://www.
scmp.com/week-asia/health-environment/article/3075456/
coronavirus-malaysias-prime-minister-muhyiddinyassin.
[45]Malay Mail. KL Wholesale Market Now Under Strict
Control, Says Annuar Musa. (2020). Available online at:https://
www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/04/24/kl-wholesalemarket-now-under-strict-control-saysannuar-musa/1859875
(accessed May 3, 2020).
[46]New Straits Times. COVID-19: “UnclearWhether
Recovered Patients Develop Immunity”. (2020).
Available online at: https://www.nst.com.my/news/
nation/2020/03/579460/covid-19-unclear-whetherrecovered-patientsdevelop-immunity (accessed April 30,
2020).
[47]Berita Harian. COVID-19: Tiada kes Jangkitan
Semula di Malaysia. Nasional (2020). Available online at:
https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2020/04/681920/
covid-19-tiada-kes-jangkitan-semula-dimalaysia (accessed
April 30, 2020).
[ 4 8 ] N e w S t r a i t s T i m e s . M a l a y s i a S e e k i n g t o
Produce COVID-19 Vaccine with Other Nations. (2020).
Available online at: https://www.nst.com.my/news/
nation/2020/04/586684/malaysiaseeking-produce-covid-19-
vaccine-other-nations (accessed April 30, 2020).
(22 摘要 Views, 34 PDF Downloads)
Refbacks
- 当前没有refback。